Sacred Tooth Relic and the Esala Perahera

By-Anil Sudusinghe

The most spectacular Buddhist festival of the year, the historic Kandy Esala Perahera of the Sri Dalada Maligawa commenced on 27th July 2009, with the Kumbal Perahera and comes to a conclusion on the August 5th with the final Randoli Perahera. The day

Perahera will be on the 6th with the water cutting ceremony (Diya Kepeeme Mangalya) at the Gatembe ferry.

This year, the route of the Kumbal Perahera was extended. It started from the Maligawa Square and proceeded along Dalada Veediya. D. S. Senanayake Veediya (Trincomalee street), Pansala Para, Deva Veediya, Srimath Bennet Soysa Veediya, Kotugodella Veediya, Raja Veediya and back to Maligawa Square.

With the planting of the Kap, the inner Perahera commenced on the 22nd by parading within the Sri Dalada Maligawa Complex and continued till 26th before it took to the streets with the Kumbal Perahera.

The perahera festival - an event of great historical and cultural significance - takes place annually in the charming hill capital of the country in the month of July/August. This event, known the world over as the Kandy Esala perahera, is not only a religious ritual but also a folk festival which provides an occasion for local artistes and multi-racial populace to exhibit their reverence and devotion to the Buddha and Gods and Goddesses such as Natha, Vishnu, Kataragama and Pattiniwho with their divine blessings protect this country.

The Sacred Tooth Relic of the Buddha was brought to this island in the reign of King Kirthi Sri Meghavanna (303-331), as an invaluable gift of the King of Kalinga (Orissa in India). Since the day it was brought here, it has been the custom of the devotees to celebrate this great event with the highest esteem and reverence.

However, the Sacred Tooth Relic was never enshrined in a Dagaba, unlike other relics, but always remained a movable revered object devoutly venerated by the Buddhists all over the world. Whatever it is, it had to be buried in the earth once at Kotmale to save it from the enemies.

The King enshrined the Sacred Tooth Relic in a pure crystal bowl and placed it at Abhayagiriya Viharaya in Anuradhapura, the Kingdom of King Kirthi Sri Moghawanna, embellished with costal jewels for public worship. It is recorded in the history that the Dalada Perahera came into being during this King in his kingdom. Furthermore, the Abhayagiri Viharaya undertook to conduct annually the Perahera.

The Maha Viharaya, Abhayagiri Viharaya and Jethavanarama Maha Viharaya were the three main places of worship when King Kirthi Sri Megavanna was reigning Anuradhapura. The three places were known asthun nikaya (three nikayas).

Fa Hien, the Chinese traveller who visited Anuradhapura, in his writings has described the ceremony of the Sacred Tooth Relic which was conducted with great splendour.

When Cholians conquered Anuradhapura in 1017 the devout Buddhist Bhikkus had to shift the Sacred Tooth Relic to Rahula for safety. Again it was brought to Polonnaruwa. However, the Sacred Tooth Relic was shifted to so many places like Beligala, Dambadeniya, Yapahuwa, Kurunegala, Kotte, Kuruwitha, Kothmale, and after seventeen centuries to Senkadagala - Kandy.

When once the loaders of the Uva Rebellion were captured in 1818, Rev. Wariyapola Sumangala Thera hid the Sacred Dhantha Dhatuwa in a bubble of robes, but the Britishs soldiers captured him and the Sacred Tooth Relic fell into the hands of the British for the second time and their rule was firmly established.

The Sacred Tooth Relic is now under the three custodians - two Maha Nayake Theras of Asgiri and Malwathu socets of Siam Maha Nikaya and Diyawadana Nilame of the Kandy Dalada Maligawa safely secured under the Sri Lankan government.

Whatever the reasons attributed to the origin of the Kandy Esala Perahera are, the general belief is that the pageant in Kandy commenced during the reign of Kirthi Sri Rajasinghe (1747 - 1781). This belief has probably come about because it was during the reign of Kirthi Sri Rajasinghe that the Perahera, as it exists today took form, with the amalgamation of the four Devale Peraheras with the Dalada Perahera. There is sufficient evidence, both historical and literary, to effect that the annual celebrations in connection with the Sacred Tooth Relic originated since its arrival.

Fa-Hien describes that this annual festival has been performed every year in the middle of the third month, and the Sacred Tooth Relic was taken in procession from the shrine in the centre of the city to the Abhayagiri monastery. It was kept there for three months and the exposition of the Tooth Relic held, after which the Relic was brought back to the city. The doors of the Relic house were kept open for the devotees to pay their reverence to the Relic on every Uposatha (Poya) day. Fa-Hsien further observes that as a result of the regular performance of these rites in honour of the Sacred Tooth Relic, the Kingdom suffered neither from famine, calamity nor revolution.

Formerly the King himself in person used to ride on horseback with all his train before him in this solemnity, but now he delights not in these shows.

Three very interesting points emerge from Robert Knox’s observations:

1. In earlier times the King himself participated in the procession.
2. The Natha Devala Perahera which is seen today as an integral part of the procession was absent earlier.
3. Instead of the present Vishnu Devala Perahera, there was the Aluthnuwara Devala Perahera which is no longer held.

The next account of the Perahera belongs to the era of King Sri Wickrema Rajasinghe. It was during his reign that the Dalada Perahera amalgamated with the four Devala Peraheras, thereby making the whole pageant more Buddhistic.

As per the contents in the book ‘The Kandy Esala Perahera’ authored by Anuradha Seneviratne:

John Davy who spent four years in Sri Lanka from 1816 - 1820 has given in this work an Account of the interior of Ceylon (1969: 128-130) a graphic description of the Perahera. Davy’s description though lengthy is very fascinating. His account reveals the following features:

1. The High officials who performed administrative functions in the temples and the government participated in the procession.
2. The Perahera was held twice a day, in the afternoon and night.
3. The Natha Devala Perahera was incorporated into the Kandy Esala Pageant.
4. The Vishnu Devale Perahera took the place of the Aluthnuwara Devala Perahera.
5. The Dalada Perahera for the first time was associated with the Devale Perahera, thereby giving the whole pageant a Buddhist complexion.
6. The ruling king participated personally in the grand procession.
7. On the final night of this pageant the relic casket of the Buddha was taken in procession to Asgiri Vharaya where it was deposited until the conclusion of the Perahera. Records reveal that this is done to honour the mother of Kirthi Sri Rajasinghe who was cremated there.

In respect of the reliability, the account of the perahera held on the August 19, 1817 given to the British Governor of Ceylon by Millawa Disawe (chieftain) of Vellassa region and appearing in the Government Gazette of the September 13, 1817 is more authentic. This account begins with reference to the preliminary ritualistic practice-erection of sacred poles (Kap) - and is followed by a description of the whole procession.

The Buddhist priests of the Maligawa bring to the gate of their temple the dhatukaranduwa and place it in the ranhilige on the back of an elephant, who remains at the gate. In the meantime the procession moves from the gate of the Maligawa, where the Relic of the Buddha is waiting.

The procession is as follows:

1. The King’s elephants with gajanayake.
2. Gingals with Kodituwakku Lekam.
3. The people of the Four Korales, Disavane, carrying gingals, muskets and flags with the disava and petty chiefs of that Disavane.
4. The people of the Seven Korales.
5. These of Uva.
6. Of Matale.
7. Of Sabaragamuwa.
8. Of Valapane.
9. Of Udapalatha.
10. The bamboos or images representing devils covered with cloths.
11. The elephant of the Maligawa bearing the shrine followed by other elephants and the people of the Maligawa who precede the Diyavadana Nilame and Nanayakkara Lekam With umbrellas, talipat, flags, fans, shields, tom-toms, drums, flutes, etc. accompanied by dancers.
12. The elephant of the Natha Devale bearing the bow and arrow of the God, attended by the women of the temple, and followed by the Basnayake Nilame with the same pomp of attendants as the former.
13. The elephants, bow and arrows, and people of the maha Vishnu Devala.
14. Of the Katharagama Devala.
15. Of the Pattini Devala.
16. the people of the Maha Lekam Departments carrying muskets and flags and proceeding their chiefs.
17. The people of the Atapattu department, similarly equipped, followed by the Atapattu Lekam, and the Ratemahatmayas of Udunuwara, yatinuwara, Tumpane, Harispattu, Dumbara, Hewaheta.
18. The people of Vedikkara Department, followed by their Lekam.
19. The people of the Vadanatuvakku department with their Lekam.
20. The people of the Padikara department and their Lekam.

The procession was very grand.

1. Maha Lekam Mahatmaya with the Lekam mitiya and writing style.
2. Gajanayake Nilame with the Hastiya (elephant) Maha Kodiya (flag).
3. Kodituwakku Nilame with the Kodituvakku (gun flag) Maha Kodiya.
4. Ketara Korale Disave with the Ira-sanda (sun and moon) Maha Kodiya.
5. Sat Korale Disave with the Sinha (lion) Maha Kodiya.
6. Uva Disave with the Hansaya (sacred goose) Maha Kodiya.
7. Matale Disave with the Sudu (White) Maha Kodiya.
8. Sabaragamuwa Disave with the Pataredi (Yellow Silk) Maha Kodiya.
9. Tun Korale disave with the Bheru (Double headed eagle) Maha Kodiya.
10. Valapane Disave with the Mayura (Peacock) Maha Kodiya.
11. Uda Palata Disave with the Nelum Mal (Lotus flower) Maha Kodiya.
12. Nuwara Kalaviya Disave with the Gajasinghe (elephant trunk lion) Maha Kodiya.
13. Vellasse Disave with the Kotiya (Leopard) Maha Kodiya.
14. Bintenne Disave with the Girava (Parrot) Maha Kodya.
15. Tamankaduwe Disave with the Valaha (Bear) Maha Kodiya.
16. Elephant of the Maligawa, bearing the shrine and Tooth Relic attended by other elephants and the people of the Maligawa.
17. Elephant and people of the four devales: Natha, Vishnu, Kataragama and Pattini.
18. Ratemahatemayas and their flags.
19. Maha Lekam Department - Atkanda Lihiniya Kodiya.
20. Nanayakkara Lekam - Nil pata (blue silk) Kodiya.
21. Atapattu Lakam.
22. Vedikkara Lekam - Ratu pata (Red silk) Kodiya.
23. Vadana Ruvakkukara Lekam - Sudu pata (White silk) Kodiya.
24. Panidakara Lekam - Ratu pata (Red silk) Kodiya. The two Adigars brought up the rear